Microprocessor

A Microprocessor ek important part hai computer architecture ka jiske bina aap koi bhi operation perform nahi kar sakte computer par. yeh ek programmable device hai jo input leta hai kisi arithmetic or logical operations se jo iske upper perform kia jata hai aur  produce karta hai desired output ko . ya aap keh sakte hai ki Microprocessor ek aisa electronic device hai ek chip ki tarah jo  fetch karta hai instruction ko from memory, unko decode karta hai aur execute karke desired results deta hai .

Microprocessors  invent hue the 1970s mein embedded systems mein use hone ke liye.aaj bhi  microprcessor use hote hai  mobile phones, cars, military weapons, and home appliances mein. kuch microprocessors hote hai microcontrollers, jo ki  small or saste hone ki wajah se kuch products mein use hote hai. jo powerfull microprocessor hote hai woh use hote hai personal computers mein.

Basics of Microprocessor –
Microprocessor instructions ko machine language mein leta hai aur unko executes karta hai ,aur processor ko batata hai ki  is instruction ka kya karna hai .Microprocessor 3 basic things perform karta hai  instruction ko executing karne ke liye:-

1. yeh kuch basic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and some logical operations perfrom karta hai using its Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU). New Microprocessors kuch operation jaise floating point numbers bhi perfrom karte hai.
2. Data Microprocessor mein ek location se dusri location mein move karte hai.
3. ismein ek Program Counter (PC) register hota hai jo store karta hai address of next instruction jo ki PC value pe depend karta hai, Microprocessor ek location se dusri location par jump karta hai aur importent decison leta hai.

Microprocessor ka structure kuch is tarah se hota hai

Clock Speed of different Microprocessor:

• 16-bit Microprocessor –

  8086: 4.7MHz, 8MHz, 10MHz
  
  8088: more than 5MHz
  
  80186/80188: 6MHz
  
  80286: 8MHz

• 32-bit Microprocessor –

  INTEL 80386: 16MHz to 33MHz
  
  INTEL 80486: 16MHz to 100MHz
  
  PENTIUM: 66MHz

• 64-bit Microprocessor –

  INTEL CORE-2: 1.2GHz to 3GHz
  
  INTEL i7: 66GHz to 3.33GHz
  
  INTEL i5: 2.4GHz to 3.6GHz
  
  INTEL i3: 2.93GHz to 3.33GHz

Types of Processor:

• Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) –
  CISC or Complex Instruction Set Computer ek aisa computer architecture hai jahan  single instruction can execute multiple low level operations jaise ki loading from memory, storing into memory or an arithmetic operation . ismein multiple addressing nodes hote hai within single instruction.CISC kuch very few registers ko hi use karte hai.Example:

  1. Intel 386 
  2. Intel 486
  3. Pentium
  4. Pentium Pro
  5. Pentium II
  6. Pentium III
  7. Motorola 68000
  8. Motorola 68020
  9. Motorola 68040 etc.

• Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) –
  RISC or Reduced Instruction Set Computer ek ais computer architecture hai jahan instruction simple or designed hoti hai quickly executed hone ke liye. Instructions ek hi  clock cycle mein execute ho jati hai,  optimization of instructions or  pipelining (ek technique jo allows karti hai kai ek saath execution of parts, or stages, of instructions jyada behatar instruction processing ke liye). RISC use karta hai multiple registers ko taki large interaction avoid ki ja sake memory ke saath.ismein kuch addressing nodes hai jaise ki .Example:

  1. IBM RS6000
  2. MC88100
  3. DEC Alpha 21064
  4. DEC Alpha 21164 
  5. DEC Alpha 21264

• Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing (EPIC) –
  EPIC or Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing execute karta hai instructions ka parallel ly using compilers yeh complex instructions execution ko bina higher clock frequencies use kiye process karta hai.EPIC encodes karta hai instruction ko  128 bit bundles mein.Har bundle contains 3 instructions jo ki encoded in 41 bits each or a 5-bit template field.Example:

  1. IA-64 (Intel Architecture-64)